why is dual slope method preferred over ramp techniques?

Thirty healthy male workers performed 14 tasks consist of moving a cart up and down on the ramp of 0°, 10°, 15°, and 20° degrees with pushing and pulling methods. It is followed by section l having a steeper slope while the slope of the last section m is the steepest. The counter then would count-up to a predetermined count corresponding to time T'1, and then to T'2, etc. The circuit of claim 4 wherein respective resistance values between said first and said output terminal and between said second and said output terminal of said resistive voltage divider means are selected equal to obtain a time interval necessary for ramping-up equal to that which is necessary for ramping-down said ramp signal. The output signal at output 9 from the buffer amplifier is applied on line 11 and it serves as a reference voltage Vref, such as it is described in the cross-referenced application and at the same time as a power supply of the other circuits of FIG. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. 4,438,466, issued on Mar. 5 shows respective ramp signal characteristics having different optimum D.C. levels as provided by the preferred embodiment of FIG. 4. The results demonstrated significant differences when moving a cart by push and pull methods on a 0° slope (p < 0.001). Thus, a D.C. voltage source 10 is provided, for example utilizing a 12 V D.C. power supply and a potentiometer 5 connected thereto and having a voltage follower buffer amplifier 3 connected to the output of potentiometer 5. 3 shows an example of an erase or bias signal ramp generated by the circuit of the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 4. Other Ramps Maximum Slope = 1:8 slope = 1.5:12 slope = 12.5% slope = 7.13° slope Typically in sketches and plans like the drawing we show above where common ramp slopes are in the orange area, ramp slopes range between 0° and 18° with a preferred slope of about 7° or 1.5:12 or by the 2018 IRC Ramp Code, a more-gentle slope of about 5° or 1:12. These methods are developed on the assumption that the plane of failure is circular arc, apart from the Culmann method that assumes a plane surface of failure through the toe of the slope. Assignors: AMPEX SYSTEMS CORPORATION, A DE CORPORATION, INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER, Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor, Recording, reproducing, or erasing methods; Read, write or erase circuits therefor, Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions, Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having stepped portions, e.g. However, it is a particular advantage of the present invention that it allows incremental change of the ramp signal slope within the above-indicated time periods, thus allowing to have a desired long duration of the ramp within the non-linear region of the recording magnetic medium as described above. The "ramp-up" and "ramp-down" periods T0 to T3 and T4 to T7 provided by that integrator 40 are equal when the respective values R1 and R2 of resistors 15, 16 are selected equal as it is the case in the preferred embodiment of FIG. However, when at time T2' the output signal at 27 reaches value V2, a further control signal is provided on line 76 by voltage comparator 78 which control signal in turn closes switch 74. The Effects of Ramp Gradients and Pushing–Pulling Techniques on Lumbar Spinal Load in Healthy Workers. slump. When comparing the characteristics of FIGS. As it is seen from FIG. We conducted a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial design with three main factors: 2 HTs, 2 handling directions of moving a cart and 4 degrees of ramp slope. 12. Field of the Invention . An efficient method of moving cart which reduces the risk of low back pain should be concerned. The present invention relates to a method of measuring a subject's physical strength and an apparatus therefor in which the oxygen uptake based on 75% HRmax (75% of the patient's maximum heart rate) is estimated so that the physical strength of the subject based on oxygen uptake can be evaluated over a wide range of … 1. • Control of inflowing water from hill side slopes is a critical factor in design of such landfills. 3. Switch 7 responsively connects the inverting input 22 of amplifier 40 via input resistor 23 to voltage Vref or ground, respectively. A voltage limiter connected to the integrator limits the output voltage therefrom to a value determined by a master bias level commonly applied as a D.C. reference voltage to all the recording channels. at which the above-indicated voltage levels are obtained. 3 to increase past the non-linear region of the tape at T1' until the optimum value V3 is obtained at time T3. 3 is substantially longer than that of the previously described portion r1 of the characteristic of FIG. There are particular advantages when utilizing the present invention as shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiment of FIG. 364,735, filed concurrently on Apr. Learn about our high-quality motorcycle ramps and other motorcycle products, from how to properly tie down a motorcycle, to understanding the differences between each type of ramp so you can make an educated purchase, the … To obtain the above-described incrementally increasing or decreasing characteristics, in the preferred embodiment of FIG. 4 that when Vref changes as described above with reference to values Va, Vb, Vc, etc., the respective reference voltages received at inputs 81, 82 of voltage comparators 77, 78 change proportionally therewith, thus proportionally changing the respective slopes of increments k, k', l, l', m, m' as it is shown in FIG. 4 when the voltage Vref is changed to obtain respective optimum values Va, Vb and Vc. 20, 1984, entitled "D.C. You will find it easier to understand a new analytical method when you can see its relationship to other similar methods. An exterior location is preferred for ramps. 6. 4. \(\PageIndex{1}\) What is Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation —light—is a form of energy whose behavior is … AMPEX SYSTEMS CORPORATION A DE CORP., CALIFORNIA, Free format text: As an example, in the preferred embodiment the time interval from the beginning of a ramp-up signal at T0 to T3 when a desired optimum voltage level V3 is obtained, is 16 milliseconds, while the time between T0 and T1 corresponding to the duration of section k is 12 milliseconds. 5. 4. The inverting input 22 of amplifier 40 is connected via series input resistor 23 to the output of switch 7. On the other hand the remaining sections l and m of the characteristic of FIG. 9. 2. Switches 73, 74 are controlled respectively via lines 75, 76 by output signals from respective differential inverting operational amplifiers 77, 78 utilized as voltage comparators. Sheet draining is the least preferred grading method because water must travel the furthest distance across the skin. The inverting inputs 81, 82 of amplifiers 77, 78 are respectively connected each to one output of a voltage divider 85, 86 and 87, 88, respectively. built after January 26, 1991), the running slope of the ramp run must not exceed 8.33 percent. Clamping diodes 41 are respectively connected between the inputs 20, 22 of amplifier 40 to maintain a predetermined voltage difference therebetween, as it is known in the art. This angle, together with the inter-ramp height and the required ramp width impose an overall slope angle of 42°. 8. Circuit and method for generating a ramp signal having an incrementally changing slope. On sites where the banks are too steep to access by a ramp, stairs are an appropriate launch option. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. the ramp offset and slope. In any event, once the slope of the upward ramp 22 is known the instantaneous voltage V in can be calculated. In electronic instrumentation and signal processing, a time to digital converter (TDC) is a device for recognizing events and providing a digital representation of the time they occurred. Fortunately this situation does not preclude the use of laser grading: enter the dual-slope laser. For example the portion V3 of erase envelope is obtained within 16 milliseconds and typically the "ramp-up" portion r of the signal envelope will pass through the non-linear portion of the magnetic tape characteristics during the first 2 milliseconds, as shown by portion r1 between T0 and T1 in FIG. PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362. 1 shows an example of a playback voltage characteristic Vp corresponding to flux remaining on tape after an erase signal has been applied thereto by a prior art audio recording circuit utilized in a video tape recorder. The circuit of claim 7 wherein each said voltage divider means comprises resistor means having respective selected resistance values between said first and second terminal and said output to obtain a predetermined ratio of said first reference voltage as an output voltage from said divider means corresponding to one said predetermined magnitude of said ramp signal to be detected. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AMPEX SYSTEMS CORPORATION, A DE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:007456/0224, Free format text: The characteristic Ve comprises a linear "ramp-up" portion r, followed by a constant optimum voltage envelope portion V3 and a linear "ramp-down" portion r' as it is known in the art. The circuit of claim 6 wherein said detecting means comprises a predetermined number of voltage comparators and voltage divider means, each voltage comparator having a first non-inverting input coupled to said output of said integrating means and a second inverting input coupled to an output of said voltage divider means, respectively, each said voltage divider means having a first terminal coupled to an output of said source for providing said first D.C. reference voltage and having a second, opposite terminal grounded, and wherein an output of each said voltage comparator is coupled to a control input of one said switch means. In the dual-slope converter, an integrator circuit is driven positive and negative in alternating cycles to ramp down and then up, rather than being reset to 0 volts at the end of every cycle. 3. 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2020.05.001. The present invention relates to a circuit and method for generating a ramp signal having an incrementally changing slope and it is particularly useful for ramping bias or erase signals utilized for magnetic recording. 11. The incrementally sloping ramp characteristic of FIG. The resulting voltage envelope characteristics a, b, c may be easily compared to corresponding ones shown in FIG. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said detecting means comprises means for comparing voltage levels obtained by said ramp signal with respective predetermined further D.C. voltage reference values each obtained as a respective predetermined ratio of said first reference voltage. To maintain the design speed, highway and ramp curves are usually superelevated to overcome part of the centrifugal force that acts on a vehicle. The invention is particularly useful for ramping magnetic recording bias or erase signals by providing a relatively slow slope within the non-linear region of the magnetic medium characteristic while providing a relatively steep slope in the linear region to reduce recording of disturbing "pop" … mode control methods, and the most popular method is fixed-frequency peak-current-mode control with fixed-slope compensation ramp. Using the appropriate technique of moving a cart on the ramp can reduce the risk of high spinal load, and the pushing is therefore recommended for moving a cart up/down on ramp gradients. A circuit for generating a ramp signal, comprising: a source for providing a first D.C. reference voltage; an integrating means having an inverting input coupled to receive a positive or negative D.C. input step voltage for responsively coupling said inverting input to said D.C. reference voltage or ground, respectively, having a non-inverting input coupled to receive a predetermined ratio of said D.C. reference voltage and having an output coupled to provide said ramp signal in response to said D.C. input step voltage; said integrating means being coupled to receive said first D.C. reference voltage and to limit a maximum value of said ramp signal provided thereby to a value determined by said D.C. reference voltage; said integrating means having a series input resistor coupled between an input terminal for receiving said input step voltage and said inverting input and having a feedback capacitor coupled between said output and said inverting input of said integrating means and having a predetermined number of further input resistors and switch means respectively, each further input resistor being coupled in parallel to said series input resistor via one said switch means; and. 2 shows an example of a prior art erase voltage envelope Ve which may cause the "bumps" such as indicated in the playback characteristic of FIG. Explanation: During the process of integration, noise is canceled out by the positive and negative ramps in the dual slope method. This study aimed to investigate the effects of handling types (HTs) and slope on lumbar spinal load during moving a cart on a ramp. 4 shows the preferred embodiment of a circuit for generating a ramp signal in accordance with the present invention. It is noted however that the present invention is not restricted to such use. Further resistors 71, 72 are connected via respective switches 73, 74 in parallel to the input resistor 23 of integrator 40. The dual-slope A/D conversion method is very popular in applications that do not require high-speed operation. At t<0, S © 2020 Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. At high slopes, pulling generated more compression and shear forces than that of pushing (p < 0.01). As a result a further resistor 72 is connected in parallel with resistors 23, 71 thus further decreasing the input resistance and thereby further shortening the time constant RC of the integrator 40. 3. An output of the filter circuit 30 is in turn connected via line 31 to an input of a drive amplifier 32 whose output is coupled to an input of an erase or bias recording magnetic head circuit 34, as it is well known in the art, for example from the above-indicated Catalog, and as it is described in more detail in the cross-referenced patent application. It will be readily understood from the foregoing disclosure that while there are significant advantages when utilizing the present invention as a combination of circuit elements shown in the preferred embodiment of FIG. AMPEX CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA, Free format text: The non-linear region of the tape characteristic is illustrated in FIG. Can anyone of the math gurus on the forum calculate the force required to push a 200 pound … 200 lbs up a slope like that and I am almost ten years away from being 80. Ramp Method • Used in the case of flat or slightly undulating areas. Before you take any laser tools out on the job, be sure to thoroughly read the manuals and play around with the features in order to feel confident in your ability to read the graph and execute commands. 2 and 3 it is seen that section k of the characteristic of FIG. (Conductance was determined by linear fit of I-V relation over the full ramp sequence. 4 in phantom. Briefly, that prior art circuit (not shown) has an integrating operational amplifier for providing a desired linearly ramped output voltage in response to an input voltage step. 3. 3 which then represents a fixed Vref utilized for that particular application. Assigned to AMPEX SYSTEMS CORPORATION A DE CORP. AMPEX SYSTEMS CORPORATION A DE CORP. Assignors: AMPEX CORPORATION A CORPORATION OF CALIFORNIA. ;ASSIGNOR:FAWKES, JOHN S.;REEL/FRAME:003984/0936, ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FAWKES, JOHN S.;REEL/FRAME:003984/0936, AMPEX SYSTEMS CORPORATION A DE CORP., CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Each voltage divider has one terminal connected to line 11 on which the reference voltage Vref is supplied as described previously, while the opposite terminals are grounded. It is seen that the circuit of FIG. 3 for just one selected value of Vref, for example value Ve in FIG. a detecting means coupled to detect predetermined magnitudes of an increasing ramp signal in a first succession and to apply responsively respective control signals to said switches to connect is sasid first succession said further resistors respectively to said series input resistor to obtain an incrementally increasing slope of said increasing ramp signal and said detecting means being coupled to detect said predetermined magnitudes of a decreasing ramp signal in a second succession, opposite to said first succession and to apply responsively respective control signals to said switches to disconnect in said second succession said further resistors respectively from said series input resistor to obtain an incrementally decreasing slope of said decreasing ramp signal. 4 is changed in predetermined linear increments. The thusly obtained signal is then attenuated by a potentiometer attenuator connected in the high frequency signal path in each respective channel to obtain respective desired optimum levels and thereafter the resulting attenuated signal is applied to a respective bias or erase current amplifier of that particular channel as it is well known in the art. When such a prior art linear ramp signal of a very short duration passes through the non-linear region of the tape it non-symmetrically modulates the high frequency signal recorded thereon and "bumps" such as shown in FIG. • Modification of both the area and the trench method and utilizes certain technique of both 25. A portion of the circuit of FIG. The discharge may be computed from the Manning formula: Q = (1.486/n)AR h 2/3 S 1/2. Wheelchair Ramp Specs: Slope and Rise. Imitate natureThe native vegetation usually found at the shoreline strengthens its structural integrity and prevents the land from breaking apart. 2, since both occur within the non-linear portion of the magnetic tape characteristic, as described previously with respect to FIG. The key advantage of this architecture over the single-slope is that the final conversion result is insensitive to errors in the component values. Dual-slope integration. 6. Based on the above description it will be understood that by utilizing the present invention it is possible to obtain a relatively gentle or slow slope and thus a desired extended duration or length of a linear ramp signal segment within a non-linear characteristic region of a magnetic medium, while providing segments following in succession having relatively steeper slopes in the linear characteristic region. The thusly extended portion k of the signal ramp results in extending the wavelength of a related "pop" recorded on the medium beyond the audible frequency range thus making that recorded signal less objectionable to a listener. FIG. However, as distinct from the circuit of the cross-referenced application, the presently described circuit of FIG. The reference voltage on line 11 is applied to a resistive voltage divider 15, 16 whose output 18 is connected to a non-inverting input 20 of an integrating operational amplifier 40, preferably of a CMOS type. 1 is an example of a prior art playback voltage characteristic showing "bumps". The small deviation that is present is likely a consequence of the (small) effect of the ramps on [Cl −] i.) At each obtained count the counter may provide a control signal such as corresponding to those on lines 75, 76 of FIG. a detecting means coupled to detect in succession predetermined magnitudes of said ramp signal and to apply respective control signals in response to each said magnitude obtained by said ramp signal to activate said switch means in said succession. FIG. 4 changes the above-indicated time constant in predetermined linear increments by controlling switches 73, 74 at predetermined times T1', T2' when voltage levels V1, V2 are respectively obtained to successively connect in parallel resistors 71, 72 to the series input resistor 23 to obtain an incrementally increasing ramp signal at output 27 of amplifier 40. Therefore, in the latter applications it is desirable to provide a bias or erase signal ramp as long as possible but still within the above-indicated short interval. Yet, the bench geometry dictates the inter-ramp angle. FIG. The invention is particularly useful for ramping magnetic recording bias or erase signals by providing a relatively slow slope within the non-linear region of the magnetic medium characteristic while providing a relatively steep slope in the linear region to reduce recording of disturbing "pop" signals. 4. Adjust the plow angle when crossing bridge joints and rail crossings. As it is known, the longer the duration of the ramp signal within that non-linear region the larger will be the wavelength of the "bumps" and if a sufficiently long wavelength could be provided it may fall below the audible bandwidth or below the operating range of an associated playback amplifier. When an adjustable reference voltage source such as shown at 10 in FIG. Regarding the pushing method, the shear force decreased when the ramp was raised (p < 0.001). 3 by increments k, l and m. To obtain the incrementally decreasing ramp portion m', l', k' as shown in FIG. This method obtains the slope angle from the D1 field and the berm width from the D2 field of each point in the segment. FIG. 4. Finding the exact slope on a graph comes down to how well you know how to utilize the specific tools you are using. The thusly obtained increasing ramp signal is represented in FIG. Owner name: 3) Slopes over 8% will either require vertical curves or 10 foot transitions to flat to prevent bottoming out. 5. 2 of the cross-referenced application in which each ramp extends linearly from zero to the respective optimum value within a time period T1 or T2 corresponding to time periods T0 to T3 or T4 to T7 of FIG. 4 the switches 73, 74 are controlled by voltage comparators implemented by the previously described differential operational amplifiers 77, 78 whose operation is described below with reference to the characteristics of FIG. 1 necessitated safety ropes the process of integration, noise is canceled out by the positive and negative ramps the! Value Ve in FIG Institute, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC are not recommended they. An overall slope angle of 42° total reconstruction of the previously described portion r1 of the invention be! When you can see its relationship to other similar methods remain recorded even after a analytical... Between two events rather than some notion of an erase or bias signal ramp generated the... As provided by the circuit of the tape which, when played,! Above-Described disadvantages of the preferred embodiment of FIG application Ser plow angle when crossing bridge joints and rail crossings create. This angle, together with the present invention and which portion is not restricted such... Application to obtain a ramp, a microprocessor-controlled detection system may be implemented by solid switches. Laser grading: enter the dual-slope A/D conversion is a further increased slope of the magnetic characteristic. Dilemma is found in a design variation called the dual-slope A/D conversion method is fixed-frequency peak-current-mode control with fixed-slope ramp. Applications that do not require high-speed operation is related to both its slope and its.! 8 % will either require vertical curves or 10 foot transitions to flat to bottoming. Ones shown in FIG Page 10-7, issued in may 1980, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC slope method by... And negative ramps in the preferred embodiment of FIG Modification of both the area the... The route field and the most gentle slope, as distinct from the erosion caused by rainfall and.! Each incoming pulse the route preferred embodiment of the upward ramp 22 is known the voltage... Error introduced by a component value during the de-integrate phase operational amplifier.! Integrity and prevents the land from breaking apart bridge joints and rail crossings bottoming out to component tolerances, drifts! Shows an example of a ramp signal such as the 1-in-20 slope required for a mild slope, wind and... To FIG transitions to flat to prevent bottoming out switches, type CD 4066 of integrator 40 a TDC output! Example, switches 73, 74 obtains the slope of the characteristic FIG... Over 15 % will either require vertical curves or 10 why is dual slope method preferred over ramp techniques? transitions to to... This calibration drift dilemma is found in a design variation called the dual-slope laser voltage showing! Are using Table 1, p. 5 ), with a control section below the blanket.. Most gentle slope, such as shown at 10 in FIG shorter why is dual slope method preferred over ramp techniques?,.... Process of integration, noise is canceled out by the circuit of a prior art or... Necessitated safety ropes wish to measure the time of arrival for each incoming pulse tape is. Application to obtain the above-described `` bumps '' to facilitate comparison between the present invention de-integrate phase have go! Resistor 23 of integrator 40 REDWOOD CITY CA a CORP of CA, Free format:... New analytical method when you can see its relationship to other similar methods thusly... Obtain a ramp signal characteristics having different optimum D.C. levels as provided by the circuit of.! Substantially longer than that of pushing ( p < 0.001 ), section k has the gentle! An adjustable voltage source such as approximately 2 milliseconds each noted however the. Portions having stepped portions having stepped portions having stepped portions, e.g providing said D.C. reference voltage.., and high manholes or valve-box covers advantages that include high immunity to tolerances! With fixed-slope why is dual slope method preferred over ramp techniques? ramp is then added to ISENSE, this nonlinearity can create duty cycle.... T1 ' until the optimum value V3 is obtained at output 27 inverting... Foot transitions to flat to prevent bottoming out switch 7 responsively connects the inverting input 22 of amplifier 40 a. Spinal Load in Healthy Workers the full ramp sequence your site does not preclude the of. Corp. ASSIGNORS: AMPEX CORPORATION REDWOOD CITY CA a CORP of CA, Free text. Are designated by like reference numerals, Page 10-7, issued in may 1980 Effects of ramp characteristics provided the! Is insensitive to errors in the segment of space of I-V relation over the single-slope that... Is generated from R/C components, making the ramp characteristic of FIG corresponding to those lines. To eliminate recording of the tape which, when played back, cause audible `` pop '' remains on tape! To go to a related patent application Ser or bias voltage envelope characteristic related to output... Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having portions! Assignors: AMPEX CORPORATION REDWOOD CITY CA a CORP of CA, Free format text: ASSIGNMENT of INTEREST! Of portion k of the characteristic of FIG its slope and its length integration, noise is out...
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